Saturday, February 2, 2008

Youthful expansion in the Estonian Academy of Sciences

In a breeze of fresh air, the Estonian Academy of Sciences is modernizing its membership policy. A proposed change in the law governing the academy's operation would allow a new member to be elected every time a present academic ("akadeemik") reached the age of 75. Currently, a new member can only be elected upon the passing of a previous academic - this has lead to a situation where 24 of 58 academics are above age 75, and the average age is 72.

As an astrophysicist, I am content with the current roster: it includes Arved-Ervin Sapar, a theoretical astrophysicist; Jaan Einasto, famous for his work on the large-scale structure of the Universe; and Ene Ergma, known for her work on compact objects and gamma-ray bursts. Notably, academic Ergma is currently serving her second term as Speaker of the Riigikogu (the Estonian parliament), and was a visiting professor at my current academic home, the Anton Pannekoek Astronomical Institute.

Other notable academics include the physicist and former Rector of the University of Tartu Jaak Aaviksoo, currently Minister of Defence (sic!), and Jüri Engelbrecht, currently president of ALLEA, the European Federation of National Academies of Sciences and Humanities.

References:
[1] News report in Eesti Päevaleht OnLine (in Estonian), http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/416462
[2] Estonian Academy of Sciences website

Saturday, December 1, 2007

State of the Student address

Hot ("lukewarm" to be fair) on the heels of Salvador's post follows another State of the Student address.

The second year of my Master's here at the astronomical institute began with intensive PhD application preparations, into the nitty-gritty of which I'd rather not go prior to finding out their effect. Suffice to say, I'm excitedly looking forward to what the future has in store.

At present, I'm working on numerical modeling of the structure of protoplanetary disks, supervised by professor Carsten Dominik and Dr Michiel Min. These disks, which consist mainly of gaseous hydrogen and of roughly one percent "dust" (complex molecules sticking together to form little grains) are found around many young stars. At left, we display an example of such a star[1], obscured by the dust in its disk, which we happen to see edge-on. Our Solar System would fit comfortably into the central region of this disk.

Over a surprisingly short time of a few to ten million years, protoplanetary disks give birth to planets - other solar systems! - and the remaining matter dissipates. Generally speaking, studying the formation and characteristics of planetary systems around all stars improves our understanding of our own origins, placing the Solar System and especially the Earth in their proper context, and furthermore is vital to contemplations of and searches for other life in the Universe.

(New readers might be interested in an earlier post concerning the state of our understanding of planet formation, and another one describing an exciting discovery of an Earth-like-but-not-quite planet around an other star.)

To round this off, a general and important lesson I've picked up during the past semester: the role of good programming and computational limitations in modulating the advancement of our understanding of the Universe is huge. Not only does one have to know one's Universe (i.e. observations) and one's physics, one also has to know one's programming languages, and to be really good and make the most of one's abilities, one has to understand the limitations of computing that technology places on one (and one's peers). It's all ones and zeros.

References:
[1] Hubble Space Telescope image of a protoplanetary disk in the Orion nebula, (c) NASA/ESA/STScI

Sunday, November 11, 2007

With apologies to our readers

Yes, it's been quite a very long while since Mihkel or I posted here in our Amsterdam blog, and I'm sure I speak for us both when I take this opportunity to apologize to our readers (all three of them). Instead of explaining what's been keeping me so busy since May and just making this a "sorry for not posting, but so it goes" post, I thought I might as well actually give some information to my reader(s) about what I'm doing at the moment.

As far as work goes (and yes, I get to call it work instead of school: I'm receiving a monthly scholarship for this, which means some people, though possibly crazy people, think it's worth paying me to do what I do; so there you have it), these have been particularly exciting months. At the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) I've been working with Prof. Jeroen Groenendijk on a rather revolutionary approach to the meaning of natural language questions. 'Revolutionary', of course, doesn't entail 'correct', but that's beside the point. Right now, he and I (and everyone we've talked to about it) are very excited, and think it's a truly promising line of research. As soon as things start being published, I'll stop being so vague and actually post something in concrete about it. Besides questions, I've been reading on and thinking about alternative semantics, the quite heterogeneous set of semantic theories that argue that natural language disjunction (the operator or in a sentence like "John or Mary have the tickets" and, more interesting, "Julia may be in Paris or in London") cannot be analyzed as the Boolean join operator, as classical semantics would have it and has indeed had it. Again, I may post something more on that subject in the near future, naturally in very light doses, so as to not cause indigestion. The tricky thing in talking about one's research is presenting it in simple enough terms that it becomes understandable, but not in such a trivial way that it comes out as something utterly uninteresting. Some other day, in any event.

Other than that (and overlooking, for today, my academic excursions to the realms of natural language syntax and, believe it or not, phonology), I'm working on my PhD applications. 'Tis a sinuous path, I know, but one very many fine people have taken before me, and are taking at the same time as I am, and will take in the years to come.

Since there's no such thing as a GRE Subject Exam for linguistics, PhD applications in this field consist essentially of a writing sample, which is what I'm working on. In actuality, I'm working on a number of writing samples, in different fields of linguistics, and then I suppose I'll choose one or two to send in. Maybe I'll just send them all, I don't know yet. As for which universities I'm applying to, it's probably wiser for me to only disclose that information after this academic year's PhD applications saison is over. I can however say that I'll be applying to some six linguistics programs in the US and to Amsterdam.

As a matter of fact, Mihkel is of course also applying to a number of schools this year, though on terms somewhat different from mine. But that's for him to write about (and I certainly hope he will).


Hopefully, this text will prove to be an efficacious icebreaker. If so, and counting on the pages of inspirational writing Mihkel still has to offer, I can already predict that, in a few weeks, Masters in Amsterdam will take its rightful place amongst the most influential blogs in the world.

Saturday, August 25, 2007

Bloggers for Peer-Reviewed Research Reporting

Many bloggers report on peer-reviewed scientific research. Now, a contest has been opened for an icon to identify these types of posts on your blog. Click down to Bloggers for Peer-Reviewed Research Reporting (BPR3) to find out more and participate in the discussion.

Tuesday, July 31, 2007

Midsummer Report

We apologize for the lack of posts this summer. Salvador has retreated to his native land of Portugal, where he is busy making port wine and sailing on expeditions to find as yet uncharted trade routes to India, which is apparently what all Portugese do. Under the gray clouds above Estonia, I am hunting seals and ploughing fields near the local fort - when I'm not singing, that is, which is apparently what all Estonians do.

Sunday, May 27, 2007

Free Will

PZ Myers of the Pharyngula blog pointed out this story of a 19-year old preacher-to-be microwaving his 2-month old daughter. The mother of the child claims Satan compelled her husband to microwave the child. Looks like this case is too extreme for anyone to take her claim seriously (unless taken as pleading insanity), but still illustrates the issue of avoiding responsibility by appealing to religious concepts.

The claim of being under the influence of Satan or God when committing certain acts is puzzling to me and perhaps readers can help clear this up a bit: as I've come to understand, most Christians believe God gave them free will so they could choose to live out their lives whichever way they saw best. If this were to really work "objectively" from God's point of view, neither God or Satan could interfere by definition with the decisions of men. If Satan had such unrestrained power to make people cause harm to other people, where would that leave free will? Does it have an "on/off" button?

The concept of free will itself is also certainly open for discussion. I don't think we understand the Universe, especially the part between our ears, sufficiently yet to say what's going on with free will, but it seems very likely it will at some point be explained as part of the way the brain represents its actions to itself - at least that's the way it seems to an astrophysics student trying to keep up to date with neuroscience news. Incidentally, Science Magazine recently reviewed "I am a Strange Loop" by Douglas Hofstadter - a new book exploring the nature of consciousness, a phenomenon fundamentally related to free will. It seems a promising read.

Monday, May 21, 2007

The Silicon Soldiers

The Bronze Soldier in Tallinn, Estonia is a Soviet memorial for those who perished in the Second World War. For most Russians, it is a symbol of victory over Nazi Germany. Soviet-era history associated this victory with the "liberation" of many areas that were, in fact, occupied - Estonian officials facing an attack by a Red Army force 100000 strong in 1940 had no choice but to accept a Soviet ultimatum. After a sneak-attack on the Soviet Union, Germany took Estonia in 1941 and it was re-occupied by the Soviets in 1944. This last event was taught in the USSR as "liberation", but carries a negative meaning for Estonians who perceive it as going from the jaws of one wolf to another.

In 1941 and 1949 tens of thousands of Estonians were deported overnight to Siberia, where many of them perished, and 75000 were repressed in the Red Terror campaign from 1945 to 1959. During the same period, nearly two hundred thousand mostly Russian-speaking immigrants changed the demographics of a 800000-member nation that in 1945 had still consisted of 97% Estonians. The Soviet occupation, with widespread censorship and propaganda, lasted until 1991 when Estonia regained independence. However, a dichotomy remained between the Estonian and Russian communities in the country. Many Russians apparently still believe Estonia voluntarily joined the Soviet Union and thus do not understand why war veterans waving Soviet flags in the center of our capital could be taken as a disrespectful and offensive sign.

The Bronze Soldier, incidentally, was the site of such flag-wavings. It was and is also the site of many a decent show of respect, to be sure. Tensions around the statue, featuring mostly Estonian and Russian radicals, had escalated considerably in the past two years and the vast majority of Estonians were of the opinion that the statue should be removed, which is exactly what the government recently did in response to a mass looting of the city center by hundreds of Russian vandals protesting archaeological digs at the memorial site. Originally, plans called for moving the statue only after the thorough archaeological studies. The Soldier was taken to a military cemetery (see photo at top by Rasmus Puksmann) with honorable reburial of the twelve people found under it expected to follow. Russians who wish to honor the Soviet victory in World War II can still do so with full respect and Soviet Union symbols are seen in the center of our capital no more.

This however, is not the end of the story. Among other things, a six-day blockade of our embassy in Moscow ensued, carried out by pro-Kremlin youth activists who claim Estonians are fascists. A Russian delegation to Estonia recommended our government step down and export of many of our goods to Russia was boycotted. Perhaps the most significant response has been a three-week long cyber war waged against Estonian government, news agency and bank servers. As a result, many of the mentioned online services have been inaccessible from abroad in recent days. The Bronze Soldier is now giving center stage to the Silicon Soldiers, whose on-line attacks have attracted considerable attention from NATO.

Endnote: Due to the sensitive nature of the topic, please be advised the current post is a minimal outline. With help from friends, I've been working on a post on the Bronze Soldier issue that will give a fuller overview of all the relevant details and viewpoints. Comments are welcome.

Addendum: while writing the above, I was not aware that the term Silicon Soldiers had already been used in various contexts, e.g. in an article entitled "Bush and the Silicon Soldiers" at the New America Foundation. Original memes are impossible to coin these days...

References:
The Bronze Soldier of Tallinn - Wikipedia, a rather detailed description of the monument and recent controversy
"Russia accused of unleashing cyberwar to disable Estonia", The Guardian, 2007.05.17